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Table of Contents
April-June 2014
Volume 10 | Issue 38
Page Nos. 97-190
Online since Thursday, April 17, 2014
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Study on interaction between plasmid DNA and berberine derivatives with aliphatic chain by fluorescence analysis
p. 97
Yang Yong, He Kai, Zhang Bao-Shun, LI Xue-Gang
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.131017
PMID
:24914272
In this study, the fluorescence analysis was used to reveal the interaction between berberine derivatives and plasmid DNA. The results showed that berberine (C0) and its 8-alkyl derivatives can enhance the fluorescent intensity of plasmid DNA. Compared with 8-dodecyl- (C12) and 8-hexadecyl- (C16) berberine, 8-alkylberberine with shorter alkyl group, such as 8-ethyl (C2), 8-butyl (C4), 8-hexyl (C6), and 8-octyl (C8) berberine derivatives showed higher fluorescence increasing effect. Among all compounds, C4 showed highest fluorescence increasing effect. All compounds tested obviously enhanced fluorescent intensity at the concentration of 6.25 × 10
−5
mol/L. These results suggested that berberine and its derivatives can be selectively inserted to the grooves running down the plasmid DNA helix, thus, lead to the increase of fluorescence intensity of the reaction system. Also, adding proper length of aliphatic chain to berberine could promote the interaction between DNA and berberine derivatives. The results of this study may lay some useful foundation for the development of berberine-based medicine agents.
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Analysis of the metabolites of mesaconitine in rat blood using ultrafast liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
p. 101
Peng Tan, Xin Chen, Ruirui He, Yonggang Liu
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.131019
PMID
:24914273
Background:
Mesaconitine is the main active component of genus aconitum plants that are widely used in clinics in China. However, little has been known about the metabolic pathway of mesaconitine.
Objective:
To explore the metabolites and propose the pathway of mesaconitine.
Materials and Methods:
In the present study, mesaconitine (4 mg kg
−1
) was orally administered to male rats. Then, blood samples collected were pretreated using solid-phase extraction technique with C18 cartridges, and analyzed using LC/MS/MS method with electrospray ionization. Both positive ion mode and collision induced dissociation (CID) were used to elucidate the structures of the major metabolites of mesaconitine.
Results:
Ten compounds were identified, among which seven were new metabolites, and the metabolic pathway was proposed. The protonated molecular ions of seven new metabolites were at m/z 648, 618, 616, 602, 572, 468, and 542, multistage fragment ions with neutral loss of 28 u (CO), 60 u (CH
3
COOH), 18 u (H
2
O), and 32 u (CH
3
OH). These new metabolites detected firstly
in vivo
, were named 10-hydroxyl-mesaconitine, hypaconitine, dehydrated mesaconitine 16-
O
-demethylmesaconitine, 16-
O
-demethylhypaconitine, and 16-
O
-demethyl-dehydrated hypaconitine, respectively. Furthermore, the breaking sequence of methoxyl was obtained using quantum chemistry.
Conclusion:
The study proved that the method of solid-phase extraction technique coupled with MS and quantum chemistry can be applied to the analysis of metabolites in plasma quickly and conveniently.
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Protective effects of curcumin against genotoxicity induced by 131-iodine in human cultured lymphocyte cells
p. 106
Nayereh Shafaghati, Monireh Hedayati, Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.131020
PMID
:24914274
Background:
131-radioiodine has been widely used as an effective radionuclide for treatment of patients with thyroid diseases. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the radioprotective effects of curcumin as a natural product that protects against the genotoxic effects of
131
I in human cultured lymphocytes.
Materials and Methods:
Whole blood samples from human volunteers were incubated with curcumin at doses of 5, 10, and 50 μg/mL. After 1-hour incubation, the lymphocytes were incubated with
131
I (100 μCi/1.5 ml) for 2 hours. The lymphocyte cultures were then mitogenically stimulated to allow for evaluation of the number of micronuclei in cytokinesis-blocked binucleated cells.
Results:
Incubation of lymphocytes with
131
I at dose 100 μCi/1.5 mL induced genotoxicity shown by increase in micronuclei frequency in human lymphocytes. Curcumin at 5, 10, and 50 μg/mL doses significantly reduced the micronuclei frequency. Maximal protective effects and greatest decrease in micronuclei frequency were observed when whole blood was incubated with 50 μg/mL dose of curcumin with 52%.
Conclusion:
This study has important implications for patients undergoing
131
I therapy. Our results indicate a protective role for curcumin against the genetic damage and side effects induced by
131
I administration.
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ACE and platelet aggregation inhibitors from
Tamarix hohenackeri
Bunge (host plant of Herba Cistanches) growing in Xinjiang
p. 111
Yachao Xing, Jing Liao, Yingzhan Tang, Peng Zhang, Chengyu Tan, Hui Ni, Xueqin Wu, Ning Li, Xiaoguang Jia
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.131021
PMID
:24914275
Background:
Tamarix hohenackeri Bunge is a salt cedar that grows widespread in the desert mountains in Xinjiang. T. hohenackeri has not been investigated earlier, although there are many reports of phytochemical work on other Tamarix species.
Materials and Methods:
To find out natural angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and platelet aggregation inhibitors, the bioactive extract (ethyl acetate [EtOAc] fraction) from the dried aerial parts of T. hohenackeri were investigated. The active fraction was purified by repeated column chromatography, including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column, medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) (polyamide column) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The isolated major constituents were tested for their anti-platelet aggregation activity.
Results:
Bioassay-directed separation of the EtOAc fraction of the 70% ethanol extract from the air-dried aerial parts of T. hohenackeri led to the isolation of a new triterpenoid lactone (1), together with 13 known compounds (2-14). It was the first time to focus on screening bioactive constituents for this plant. The chemical structures were established on the basis of spectral data (ESI-MS and NMR). The results showed that the flavonoid compounds (7 and 8) and phenolic compounds (9, 10, 11, and 14) were potential ACE inhibitors. And the flavonoid compounds (5 and 7) showed significant anti-platelet aggregation activities.
Conclusion:
On the basis of the chemical and biological data, the material basis of ACE inhibitory activity for the active part was the phenolic constituents. However, the flavonoid compounds were responsible for the anti-platelet aggregation. The primary structure and activity relationship were also discussed respectively.
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Leucas aspera
inhibits the Dalton's ascitic lymphoma in Swiss albino mice: A preliminary study exploring possible mechanism of action
p. 118
Bibin Baby Augustine, Suvakanta Dash, Mangala Lahkar, Usha Sarma, Pavan Kumar Samudrala, Jaya Mary Thomas
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.131022
PMID
:24914276
Background:
North East India is a rich source of medicinal plants and a number of plant extracts are used by tribal peoples living in this area for various disorders.
L.aspera
is such a plant, traditionally used as an antitumor agent.
Aim:
In the present study, aerial parts of
L.aspera
were investigated for antitumor activity in Dalton's lymphoma (DAL) bearing mice. The ability of plant extract in free radical scavenging, neoangiogenesis inhibition and macrophage stimulation were also checked.
Materials and Methods:
Based on the preliminary
in vitro
cytotoxicity studies ethyl acetate fraction of
L.aspera
(EALA) was selected for the detailed study. DAL ascites tumor model was performed to check the antitumor activity of EALA (200 and 400mg/kg of body weight). Hematological and histopathological parameters were estimated. Antioxidant levels, neoangiogenesis and peritoneal macrophage count were also determined.
Results:
In vitro
MTT and Trypan blue assay results showed the cytotoxic effect of EALA in DAL cells lines. EALA treatment resulted in significant decrease in ascites tumor volume and viable cell count. Hematological and liver antioxidant parameters were normalised by EALA treatment. It was also found that EALA treatment inhibits neovascularisation and produce macrophage stimulation in treated mice.
Conclusion:
The results showed that EALA is a promising anticancer agent and its activity is comparable to the standard drug 5-Flouro uracil (5-FU).
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The extracts of Japanese willow tree species are effective forapoptotic desperation or differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia cells
p. 125
Kounosuke Fujita, Yuji Nomura, Masahiko Sawajiri, Pravat K Mohapatra, Hany A El-Shemy, Nguyen T Nguyen, Masashi Hosokawa, Kazuo Miyashita, Teruo Maeda, Hirofumi Saneoka, Shohei Fujita, Takayuki Fujita
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.131023
PMID
:24914277
Background:
The antileukemic activity of hot water extract of plant parts of some Japanese willow tree species grown at different levels of nitrogen were examined.
Materials and Methods:
Water extracts of willow leaves were prepared for this studies in different level of nitrogen nutrition.
Results:
The extracts obtained from the leaves and stem exhibited anti-leukemic activities prominently. The crude hot water extracts of the young growing parts including apex, matured leaves and stem, killed the blasts of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, (HL60 and NB4) after 48h incubation, however, such desperation was far less in the root extract. Similar to the plant parts, response of extracts obtained from different willow species was not identical; the proportion of dead cells relative to whole cells of the culture medium ranged from 21% to 93% among the species. Leaf extracts obtained from the responsive willow species decreased the live cell percentage and increased the dead cell percentage at higher level of nitrogen nutrition. The mode of desperation of leaf extract treated AML cells in such species appeared to be cell apoptosis as shown by binding with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) -labeled Annexin V.
Conclusion:
Differentiation of alive AML cells continued unabated and apoptosis was poor when extract of an unresponsive species added to the culture medium.
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Effect of
Aronia melanocarpa
fruit juice on amiodarone-induced pneumotoxicity in rats
p. 132
Stefka Valcheva-Kuzmanova, Galya Stavreva, Violeta Dancheva, Ljudmil Terziev, Milena Atanasova, Angelina Stoyanova, Anelia Dimitrova, Veneta Shopova
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.131024
PMID
:24914278
Background:
The fruits of
Aronia melanocarpa
(Michx.) Elliot is extremely rich in biologically active polyphenols.
Objective:
We studied the protective effect of
A. melanocarpa
fruit juice (AMFJ) in a model of amiodarone (AD)-induced pneumotoxicity in rats.
Materials and Methods:
AD was instilled intratracheally on days 0 and 2 (6.25 mg/kg). AMFJ (5 mL/kg and 10 mL/kg) was given orally from day 1 to days 2, 4, 9, and 10 to rats, which were sacrificed respectively on days 3, 5, 10, and 28 when biochemical, cytological, and immunological assays were performed.
Results:
AMFJ antagonized AD-induced increase of the lung weight coefficient. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, AD increased significantly the protein content, total cell count, polymorphonuclear cells, lymphocytes and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase on days 3 and 5. In AMFJ-treated rats these indices of direct toxic damage did not differ significantly from the control values. In lung tissue, AD induced oxidative stress measured by malondialdehyde content and fibrosis assessed by the hydroxyproline level. AMFJ prevented these effects of AD. In rat serum, AD caused a significant elevation of interleukin IL-6 on days 3 and 5, and a decrease of IL-10 on day 3. In AMFJ-treated rats, these indices of inflammation had values that did not differ significantly from the control ones.
Conclusion:
AMFJ could have a protective effect against AD-induced pulmonary toxicity as evidenced by the reduced signs of AD-induced direct toxic damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Study on the
in vivo
toxic mechanism of xixin based on trace elements determination by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
p. 141
Bao Yong-Rui, Yang Xin-Xin, Wang Shuai, Meng Xian-Sheng, Zhu Rui-Qing, Xia Yue-Ming, Cai Lin
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.131025
PMID
:24914279
Background:
Xixin has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine for headache, toothache and inflammatory diseases. Clinical investigation indicated that adverse drug reactions occurred with an overdose of xixin, but the toxic mechanism of xixin
in vivo
based on trace elements has not been researched yet.
Objective:
To explore the
in vivo
toxic mechanism of xixin induced by trace elements.
Materials and
Methods:
The contents of trace elements in the serum and liver of mice were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after obtaining xixin extracts. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were performed between the trace elements' content and dosage using the software GeneSpring 12.1 to analyze the main toxic elements
in vivo
.
Results:
Trace elements' contents were obviously raised after xixin extracts were taken as a dosage of 150 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL, respectively. Na, Ca, Cu and Cd in serum and Ca and Zn in liver were the main trace elements inducing the toxic reaction of xixin.
Conclusion:
Xixin possesses the potential function of indirectly upregulating trace elements
in vivo
. This study, for the first time, elucidated the
in vivo
toxic mechanism of xixin based on trace elements. This method could also be utilized in the research of corresponding aspects.
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Pretreatment with Assafoetida exerts dose-dependent dual effects on rat hearts
p. 147
Mansour Esmailidehaj, Mohadeseh Kakoo, Mohammad Ebrahim Rezvani, Mohammad Hossein Mosaddeghmehrjardi
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.131026
PMID
:24914280
Context:
Although many studies displayed the favorable effects of Assafoetida, some of them reported that high doses of Assafoetida could lead to harmful effects.
Aims:
In this study, the effect of pretreatment with Assafoetida investigated on ischemic-reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart model.
Materials and Methods:
Thirty two male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of eight. Group 1 as the control (Con) group and three other groups as the treatment groups that given Assafoetida by gavage at levels of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, once a day for four weeks (T25, T50 and T100 groups). Then their hearts were subjected to 30 min global ischemia and 90 min reperfusion under langendorff apparatus.
Results:
The data shown that hemodynamic parameters including left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and maximum and minimum of pressure changes (±dp/dt) were increased in T25 and decreased in T50 and T100 groups during reperfusion in comparison with Con group. There was not any significant difference in the incidence of irreversible ventricular fibrillation between T25 and Con group, while it was increased in T50 and T100 groups significantly. There was not any significant difference in infarct size between all groups.
Conclusion:
These data indicate that pretreatment of rats with Assafoetida have cardioprotective effects in low doses and cardiotoxic effects in higher doses. Therefore, it needs more investigation in the future.
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Podophyllotoxin and 6-methoxy podophyllotoxin Production in Hairy Root Cultures of
Liunm mucronatum
ssp. mucronatum
p. 154
Afsaneh Samadi, Morad Jafari, Nasim Mohammad Nejhad, Farah Hossenian
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.131027
PMID
:24914281
Aim:
Two bacterial strains of
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
, A13 and 9534 were evaluated for induction of transformed hairy roots in
Linum mucronatum
ssp. mucronatum, a high value medicinal plant.
Materials and Methods:
The hairy roots were successfully initiated, through infecting the hypocotyl and root explants and the A13 strain performed a high transformation frequency for hairy roots induction. Transgenic status of hairy roots was confi rmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the
rol
genes. Growth kinetics of transgenic roots induced by two strains indicated a similar pattern of growth, with maximum growth occurring between 42 to 56 days. The lignan contents in hairy roots were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.
Results:
Transformed cultures showed signifi cant differences (
P
< 0.05) in lignan content. The highest amount of Podophyllotoxin (PTOX, 5.78 mg/g DW) and 6-methoxy podophyllotoxin (MPTOX, 49.19 mg/g DW) was found in transformed lines induced by strain A13, which was four times higher than those of non-transformed roots. The results showed that hairy root cultures of
L. mucronatum
are rich sources of MPTOX.
Conclusion:
hairy root cultures from
L. mucronatum
can be used as a useful system for scale-up producing MPTOX and precursors for the production of antitumor agents in substitution with PTOX by considering the appropriate optimizations in future studies.
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Neuroprotective effects of 4,5-dimethoxypyrocatechol isolated from
Cynanchum paniculatum
on HT22 cells
p. 161
Jin Bae Weon, Bohyoung Lee, Bo-Ra Yun, Jiwoo Lee, Choong Je Ma
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.131028
PMID
:24914282
Background:
Cynanchum paniculatum
, belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae and is used to treat various diseases, such as invigorate blood, alleviate edema and to relieve pain and toxicity for a long time.
Materials and Methods:
4,5-Dimethoxypyrocatechol was isolated from the 80% methanol extract of
C. paniculatum
and its neuroprotective effect was evaluated by MTT assay.
Results:
4,5-Dimethoxypyrocatechol had neuroprotective effect on the glutamate-induced cellular oxidative death in HT22 cells.
Conclusion:
Furthermore, we found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and calcium concentration by oxidative stress were reduced by 4,5-dimethoxypyrocatechol in HT22 cells.
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Effect of ambrex (a herbal formulation) on oxidative stress in hyperlipidemic rats and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes
p. 165
A Jamuna Devi, Rekha Ravindran, M Sankar, Johanna Rajkumar
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.131030
PMID
:24914283
Background:
Ambrex is a polyherbal formulation which consists of
Withania
somnifera
,
Orchis
mascula
,
Cycas
circirnalis
,
Shorea
robusta
with amber.
Objective:
The present study was designed to explore the potential effects of ambrex on the antioxidant status in high fat diet fed rats and to investigate the possible mechanisms focusing on the gene expression involved in adipogenesis and inflammation in 3T3-L1 cell line.
Materials and Methods:
Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (
n
= 6); Group A received normal diet, Group B received high fat diet for 30 days, Group C and D received high fat diet for 30 days and treated with ambrex (40 mg/kg b.w) and atorvastatin (10 mg/kg b.w) for successive 15 days respectively. This study also assesses the effect of ambrex on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Results:
The serum total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly decreased in ambrex treated hyperlipidemic animals when compared to untreated animals. The activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione were significantly augmented in the serum, liver, and heart of hyperlipidemic rats treated with ambrex when compared to control. Ambrex treated rats had significant reductions in malondiadehyde levels in the serum, liver and heart compared to untreated rats. In addition, we observed that treatment with ambrex resulted in a major inhibition of pre-adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells
in vitro
by suppression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, sterol regulatory binding proteins, tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitricoxide synthase, leptin, and upregulation of thioredoxin 1 (TRX1) and TRX2 mRNA expression.
Conclusion:
Therefore, ambrex may be a potential drug for treatment of hyperlipidemia and related disorders.
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Protective effect and mechanism of
Ginkgo biloba
extract-EGb 761 on STZ-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats
p. 172
Arminder Singh Saini, Rajeev Taliyan, Pyare Lal Sharma
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.131031
PMID
:24914284
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disorder which leads to development of various long-term complications including cardiomyopathy. Oxidative stress due to hyperglycemia plays a key role in the development and progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC). Oxidative stress causes the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) eventually leading to myocardium dysfunction. The
Ginkgo biloba
extract (EGb 761) has antioxidant and mitochondrial membrane potential stabilizing property. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of EGb 761 and its possible mechanism of action in DC.
Materials and Methods:
DM was induced by single injection of Streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and cardiac dysfunction was developed on 8
th
weeks after STZ injection. Cardiac dysfunction was assessed by measuring left ventricle weight/body weight (LVW/BW) ratio, left ventricle (LV) collagen content, LV protein content, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level.
Results:
EGb 761 treatment (started after 7
th
week of STZ injection and continued for 3 weeks) attenuated cardiac dysfunction in diabetic rats as evidenced by a decrease in LV collagen content, protein content, LVW/BW ratio, serum LDH level. Moreover, EGb 761 attenuated the oxido-nitrosative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide anion generation, myocardium nitrite) and concomitantly improved the antioxidant enzyme (reduced glutathione) level as compared to untreated diabetic rats. However, protective effect of EGb 761 was inhibited by atractyloside (mPTP opener) that was given for 3 weeks, 30 min before the EGb 761 treatment. These results indicate that EGb 761 corrects diabetic cardiac dysfunction probably by its direct radical scavenging activity and its ability to inhibit the opening of mPTP channel since the cardioprotective effect of EGb 761 was completely abolished by atractyloside.
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Germplasm preservation
in vitro
of
Polygonum multiflorum
Thunb
p. 179
He-Ping Huang, Jian Wang, Lu-Qi Huang, Shan-Lin Gao, Peng Huang, Dian-Lei Wang
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.131032
PMID
:24914285
Background:
The root of
Polygonum multiflorum
Thunb. is a common traditional Chinese medicine. In recent years, the wild resources of
P. multiflorum
have been seriously broken, and the cultivated varieties have been degrading. The germplasm resources of
P. multiflorum
need protection and preservation. So far, no
in vitro
germplasm preservation of
P. multiflorum
has been reported.
Objective:
To explore a method for the
in vitro
germplasm preservation of
P. multiflorum
.
Materials and Methods:
A large number of buds from seed explants were induced by tissue culture. The single buds were used as experimental materials to study the effects of plant growth regulator, temperature, and osmotic pressure on the preservation time, growth recovery, and genetic stability.
Results:
When the buds were inoculated onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media containing 4% w/v sucrose, 2% w/v mannitol, and 1% w/v sorbitol, supplemented with paclobutrazol (PP
333
) 1.0 mg/l, abscisic acid (ABA) 5.0 mg/l, and daminozide (B9) 30.0 mg/l in an illuminated chamber under a 16 h photoperiod of 1500 lx light intensity at 15°C for 10 months, the survival rate was over 70% with good growth recovery and genetic stability.
Conclusion:
The results of this study can be used for medium-term
in vitro
germplasm preservation of
P. multiflorum
, and meeting actual needs of research and production.
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Flavonols and derivatives of gallic acid from young leaves of
Toona sinensis
(A. Juss.) Roemer and evaluation of their anti-oxidant capacity by chemical methods
p. 185
Huan Yang, Qinying Gu, Tingting Gao, Xubo Wang, Phenwei Chue, Qinan Wu, Xiaobin Jia
DOI
:10.4103/0973-1296.131034
PMID
:24914286
Background:
Toona sinensis
(A. Juss.) Roemer is an endemic species of
Toona
genus native to Asia. Its crude extract exhibits an effective anti-oxidant capacity against oxidative models, but the intrinsic substances responsible for this capacity in the extract remains unclear and is yet to be studied comprehensively.
Objective:
To investigate the chemical constituents of the young leaves of
Toona sinensis
and its anti-oxidant capacity.
Materials and
Methods:
Silica gel column chromatography, preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to isolate and characterize the chemical constituents. Four chemical-induced oxidative models including DPPH free-radical scavenging assay, phenazine methosulphate (PMS) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) PMS-NADH-NBT superoxide anion scavenging assay, FeCl
3
-K
3
Fe (CN)
6
reducing power assay, and FeCl
2
-FerroZine metal chelation assay were applied in the present study for evaluating anti-oxidant capacity.
Results:
Five flavonols and three derivatives of gallic acid, including quercetrin, kaempferol-3-
O
-α-L-rhamopyranoside, astragalin, quercetin, kaempferol, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-penta-
O
-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose were isolated from the leaves. Results showed that these compounds exhibited various antioxidant properties, markedly either as the strong scavengers for superoxide and free radicals or as molecules that were reducing or metal chelating in nature.
Conclusion:
The findings suggested that the 8 compounds in the young leaves of
T. sinensis
that were isolated in our study were the active compounds responsible for its antioxidant activity. These compounds can be utilized as a potential health supplement, as an available source of natural antioxidants, and as an effective material in pharmaceutical applications.
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